TB KaSPar
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This annex provides an overview of respiratory and non-respiratory specimens that can be used to diagnose TB in children and adolescents, with a short description for each, the age group in which they can be used, the minimum volume required for testing, and the optimal time of collection.
Table A3.1. Respiratory specimens
Sensitivity for TB of “any abnormality” as reported on CXR in close contacts aged under 15 years is 84%, and specificity is 91% (25). It is thus more specific than symptom screening alone. Estimates of the accuracy of CXR are not disaggregated by age group, and significant differences in CXR findings between younger and older children may lead to important differences in sensitivity and specificity by age group.
TB contact investigation can be implemented at the health care facility or at the community level, or as a combination. This section contains some examples of approaches to contact investigation, including lessons learnt.
Contact investigation to identify children, adolescents and other household members with TB disease and to identify those who will benefit from TPT should be a standard component of all national TB programmes. Contact investigation is good public health practice and essential to address and manage several infectious diseases such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
Household contacts of people with PTB are a well-recognized group at risk for TB infection and TB disease, including prevalent TB detected at the time of initial contact investigation and incident TB that occurs within the subsequent 2–5 years (15). WHO recommends that household contacts and other close contacts of people with PTB should be systematically screened for TB disease (14). Contact investigation can be implemented at the health facility, in the community or through a combination of these approaches.
The tables below contain modelled estimates of the performance and outcomes of the screening algorithms described in Annex 3, when applied to different subpopulations of people living with HIV: outpatients not on ART, outpatients on ART, and inpatients. For each subpopulation, a model is presented of 1,000 persons being screened with a representative TB prevalence. The models were informed by the results of the IPD analysis that was commissioned to evaluate the performance of the W4SS and alternative screening tools in people living with HIV.
M&E play important roles in patient care and in assessing national programmes and the global response (Fig. 11).
