Consolidated Guidelines

Monitoring, evaluation and review provide the means to assess the quality, effectiveness, coverage and delivery of collaborative TB/HIV activities. It promotes a learning culture within and across programmes and ensures continuous improvement of interventions. Evidence from operational research (130, 131) has shown the importance of standardized monitoring and evaluation of collaborative TB/HIV activities to determine the impact of the activities and to ensure implementation and effective programme management.

3.3.1 Background

Whilst there are no recommendations on HIV prevention among people with presumptive and diagnosed TB that have been assessed using the GRADE methodology, programmatic guidance was developed as part of the development of the WHO policy on collaborative TB/HIV activities (10), as listed below in Box 3.1.

3.2.1 Background

3.1.1 Background

2.4.1 TB preventive treatment

2.4.1.1 Background

2.3.1 Background

2.2.1 Background

People living with HIV may have an atypical clinical picture, especially those with advanced HIV disease, complicating the diagnosis of pulmonary and extrapulmonary forms of TB disease. Access to a rapid and accurate diagnosis is essential to ensure that TB is effectively treated among people living with HIV.

2.1.1 Background

Tuberculosis remains the primary cause of HIV-related morbidity and mortality worldwide, despite impressive scale-up of ART. In 2022, an estimated 671 000 (uncertainty interval (UI): 600 000–746 000) people living with HIV developed TB disease, among whom only 426 958 (64%) were diagnosed and notified (1). In the same year, an estimated 167 000 (UI: 139 000–198 000) people living with HIV died from TB, representing 27% of all HIV-related deaths (1).