Comorbidities

3.2.1 Background

3.1.1 Background

2.4.1 TB preventive treatment

2.4.1.1 Background

2.3.1 Background

2.2.1 Background

People living with HIV may have an atypical clinical picture, especially those with advanced HIV disease, complicating the diagnosis of pulmonary and extrapulmonary forms of TB disease. Access to a rapid and accurate diagnosis is essential to ensure that TB is effectively treated among people living with HIV.

2.1.1 Background

Tuberculosis remains the primary cause of HIV-related morbidity and mortality worldwide, despite impressive scale-up of ART. In 2022, an estimated 671 000 (uncertainty interval (UI): 600 000–746 000) people living with HIV developed TB disease, among whom only 426 958 (64%) were diagnosed and notified (1). In the same year, an estimated 167 000 (UI: 139 000–198 000) people living with HIV died from TB, representing 27% of all HIV-related deaths (1).

These guidelines are published on the WHO website and can also be freely downloaded from the WHO TB Knowledge Sharing Platform.⁵ Implementation considerations are also reflected in the TB/HIV operational handbook (7).

To develop the TB/HIV guidelines, WHO mapped the WHO publications containing recommendations on HIV-associated TB, which had been formulated by the respective GDGs and approved by the WHO Guidelines Review Committee (GRC). All the recommendations included in these guidelines were developed in accordance with the WHO guideline development process, as outlined in the source guidelines. A full list of the source guidelines that were used to consolidate all WHO recommendations and inform the TB/HIV guidelines is provided in Box 1.1.